Cells

• All living things are made up of cells • You __Must __have a pre-existing cell for more cells to be created. - All life comes from cells! • Cells must have organization to function
 * Cell Theory**:
 * Parts of Cells and their Functions**

• Nucleus- DNA and RNA synthesis • Nucleolus- Assembly of ribosomal subunits • Rough ER- Synthesis of membrane proteins, secretory proteins, and hydrolytic enzymes; formation of transport vesicles • Smooth ER- Livid synthesis; carbohydrate metabolism in liver cells; detoxification in liver cells; calcium ion storage • Golgi apparatus- Modification, temporary storage, and transport of macromolecules; formation of lysosomes and transport vesicles
 * Manufacturing cells**

• Lysosomes- Digestion of nutrients, bacteria, and damaged organelles: destruction of certain cells during embryonic development • Peroxisomes- Diverse metabolic processes, with breakdown of H2O2 by product • Vacuoles- Digestion (like lysosomes); storage of chemicals ; cell enlargement; water balance
 * Breakdown**

• Chloroplasts- Conversion of light energy to chemical energy of sugars ( in plants and some protists) • Mitochondria- Conversions of chemical energy of food to chemical energy of ATP
 * Processing**

• Cytoskeleton- Maintenance of cell shape; anchorage for organelles; movement of organelles within cells; cell movement; mechanical transmission of signals form exterior of cell to interior -Microfilaments- solid helical rods composed of mainly a globular protein called actin - Intermediate filament- made of fibrous proteins and have a rope like structure; sereve mainly as reinforcing fords for bearing tension bus also help anchor certain organelles - Microtubules- straight, hollow tubes composed of globular proteins called tubulins; provide rigidity and shape in one area and may disassemble and then reassemble elsewhere in cell. • Cell Walls- Maintenance of cell shape and skeletal support; surface protection; binding of cells in tissues • Extracellular matrix- Binding of cells in tissues; surface protection; regulation of cellular activities • Cell junctions- Communication between cells; binding of cells in tissues -Tight Junction- bind cells together, forming a leakproof sheet ( lines digestive tract, preventing the contents from leaking into surrounding tissues) - Anchoring Junction- attach adjacent cells to each other or to the extracellular matrix, they rivet cells together with cytoskeletal fivers but still allow materials to pass along the spaces between cells - Communicating Junction- channels similar to function of the plasmodesmata of plants; they allow water and other small molecules to flow between neighboring cells ( especially common to animal embryos, where chemical communication between cells is essential for development )
 * Support, Movement, and communication between cells**