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=Biology: The Scientific Study of Life=



An Introduction: The Scientific Study of Life



Data

The Scope of Biology Hierarchy of Organization The Process of Science Limits of Science Proving vs. Supporting a Hypothesis Observations and Inferences Properties of Life Hypotheses Inductive Reasoning vs. Deductive Reasoning Conclusions Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning/Viruses Evolution as a Unifying Theme in Biology

Laboratory / Demos / Tools / Coop Activities OBS-SCERTAINERS Activity 3 Creatures – Observation vs. Inference Viruses – argue for or against the inclusion of viruses as a living entity know the: structures and functions, bodily defenses against viruses, symptoms of a viral infection

CH 2 – The Chemical Basis of Life Atoms and Molecules 2.1 Describe the levels of organization from an actin molecule to a complex insect flight muscle. 2.2 Define matter, an element, and a trace element.- matter is everything that takes up space. there are 3 common forms of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. an element is an substance of matter that cannot be simplified or broken down any further than it is, the periodic table contains all of the elements. a trace element is a element that is nessesary for the life of some organisms, but only in minute quantities, like copper. Give examples of each or identify each 2.3 Define a compound and explain how compounds in living organisms are different from compounds in nonbiological materials. Describe organic molecules and inorganic molecules In Addition to this Guide, use the Textbook, Chapter Notes Sheets, Online Activities, and Lecture Notes as Resources for Examples and Explanations. 2.4 Describe the structure of an atom. Identify location of subatomic particles Explain qualitative and quantitative characteristics of each subatomic particle 2.4 Define the atomic number and mass number of an atom. Use a periodic table to draw LEDs, predict bonding, and talk about trends in elements 2.4 Define an isotope and explain what makes some isotopes radioactive. 2.5 Explain why radioactive isotopes are important to biologists. Give examples of how biologists / doctors use isotopes

2.6 Explain how the electron configuration of an atom influences its chemical behavior. Identify and predict ionic, covalent, and polar covalent bonding Use correct diagrams and symbols for each Explain the conservation of matter and its relevance to chemical reactions Identify the products and reactants of a reaction 2.7-2.9 Distinguish among nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, and ionic bonds noting their relative strengths and functions and the methods by which they are diagrammed.

The Properties of Water 2.10-2.14 Describe the special properties of water that make it vital to living systems. Explain how these properties are related to hydrogen bonding. Apply your understanding of these properties to problems or situations in biology or organisms Explain how life would not exist if water did not have these properties 2.14 Define a solute, a solvent, and a solution. Describe and apply Molarity, (Moles / Liter) concentration, and identify common solutions and solvents 2.15 Explain how acids and bases directly or indirectly affect the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. Explain how buffers function within cells, compare and contrast buffers, acids and bases 2.15 Explain the basis for the pH scale. Relate it to [H+], compare the strength of different solutions based upon pH and [H+] 2.15 Explain how buffers work. 2.16 Describe the causes of acid precipitation and explain how it adversely affects the fitness of the environment.

Rearrangements of Atoms 2.17 Define a chemical reaction and distinguish between the reactants and products. Identify which direction a reaction is occurring from a chemical equation

Laboratory / Demos / Tools Buffer Lab / Graphing and Analyzing Graphs/ Slope / Controls / Constants Capilary Action Periodic Table pH meter


 * CH 3**
 * Biologically Important Molecules**

Organelles Microscopes 4.4 prokaryotic cells are small and structurally simple
 * CH 4**


 * CH 5**

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration - The Big Picture
 * CH 6**

Photosynthesis
 * CH 7**

Digestion and Nutrition
 * CH 21**

Introduction 36.1 Describe the four properties of a community.
 * CH 36** - Communities and Ecosystems

In Addition to this Guide, use the Textbook, Chapter Notes Sheets, Online Activities, and Lecture Notes as Resources for Examples and Explanations. Structural Features of Communities 36.2 Describe the concepts of the "competitive exclusion principle," "resource partitioning," and an ecological "niche." Identify examples of each and analyze experiments concerning the above concepts for predicted results and observations – ie: barnacles 36.3 Describe the different types of predation, define coevolution, and distinguish between Batesian and Müllerian mimicry. 36.4 Define a keystone species and describe two examples. What happens when a KS is taken out of a community 36.5 Describe the three different types of symbiotic relationships, noting examples of each. 36.6 Explain how disturbances can be beneficial to a community. Distinguish between primary and secondary succession. 36.7 Describe the roles of fire in shaping ecosystems. Ie: prairie community and forest community

Ecosystem Structure and Dynamics 36.8 Describe and compare energy flow and chemical cycling in ecosystems. 36.9 Describe the trophic structure of food chains. Analyze different ecosystems for trophic structure 36.10 Explain how food chains interconnect to form food webs. Create webs, analyze webs, compare and contrast 36.11, 36.12 Describe the movement of energy through a food chain. Explain why there are more producers than consumers and why eating meat is considered a great luxury. What happens to a community when there are more consumers than producers? 36.13-36.17 Explain how water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus are cycled within ecosystems. (Generalities – ie: sources / sinks / abiotic reservoirs)

Ecosystem Alteration 36.18 Describe what we have learned from the experiments at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. (Altered vs. Unalterted sites for run-off and nutrient flow) 36.19 Define eutrophication and explain how we learned that phosphorus is the main cause of this problem. Give examples of how eutrophication can be cause by human intervention Explain how eutrophication can harm the members of an aquatic community

Laboratory / Demos / Tools / Coop Activities Microarthropod Community Analysis Lab Lichens and Bracket Fungi Dissecting Microscope Berlesse Funnel Extraction Dichotomous Keys Calculation for diversity (don’t memorize, but show a calculation), order richness The three steps to show for all calculations Community Structure Coop Activity – Copy Online

All Chapters - Sample Open Response Questions 1. Organisms rarely exist alone in the natural environment. The following are five examples of symbiotic relationships. • Plant root nodules • Liver Fluke • Epiphytic plants • AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) • Lichens In Addition to this Guide, use the Textbook, Chapter Notes Sheets, Online Activities, and Lecture Notes as Resources for Examples and Explanations.

Choose FOUR of the above and for each example chosen, (a) identify the participants involved in the symbiosis and describe the symbiotic relationship, and (b) discuss the specific benefit or detriment, if any, that each participant receives from the relationship.

2. Using your knowledge of food chains, food webs and trophic levels explain why vegetarianism would be a better use of the earth's resources. Use a diagram / graph in your answer and specifically talk about its meaning in your essay to illustrate your understanding of these concepts.

3. Historically, scientists have reasoned that wherever water was found in the solar system, there would be a high likelihood of finding life there as well. Water is a very special molecule with very special properties: a. High Heat Capacity b. Universal Solvent c. Cohesion d. Surface Tension e. Ice is less dense than water Explain the importance of water to life using 4 of its properties

4. Look at the following graph created by a student who completed the Buffer Lab. a. Add an appropriate title to the figure below. b. Add a label and units to the y-axis c. Write a caption including two inferences and observations that support these observations