Chapter+3+Vocabulary

organic molecules -** compounds synthesized by cells and containing carbon
 * __3.1 Life's molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon__
 * hydrocarbons -** compounds only composed of C and H
 * carbon skeleton -** chain of C atoms in organic molecules
 * isomer -** compounds with same molecular formula but different structure

__**3.2 Functional groups help determine the properties of organic compounds**__
 * functional group -** group of atoms in an organic molecule that generally participate in chemical reactions
 * hydrophobic -** repelling, tending not to combine with, or incapable of dissolving in water; water-fearing

macromolecule -** very large molecules
 * __3.3 Cells make a huge number of large molecules from a small set of small molecules__
 * polymer -** large molecule consisting of many identical or similar molecular units strung together
 * monomer -** units that serve as building blocks for polymers
 * dehydration synthesis -** removal of H2O from monomers, forming covalent bonds, linking monomers and creating polymers
 * hydrolysis -** add H2O to perform reverse of dehydration synthesis

carbohydrate -** class of molecules ranging from small sugar molecules to large polysaccharides
 * __3.3 - 3.4 Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates/Cells link single sugars to form disaccharides__
 * monosaccharide -** carbohydrate monomers
 * disaccharide -** double sugar; constructed from two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis

polysaccharide -** polymers containing many monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis
 * __3.7 Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units__
 * starch -** storage polysaccharide found in plant roots and other tissues; made of glucose monomers
 * glycogen -** polysaccharide where animals store excess sugar
 * cellulose -** most abundant organic compound on earth; supports plants and wood and protects their cells; connected into rods by hydrogen bonds that, when in large numbers, are very strong; can’t be hydrolyzed by most animals

hydrophilic -** water-loving; mixes well with water
 * __3.8 Lipids include fats, which are mostly energy-storage molecules__
 * a fat -** large lipid made of two smaller molecules, glycerol and fatty acids; are hydrophobic; main function is energy storage
 * tryglyceride -** synnonym for fat because a fat is three fatty acids bonded to one glycerol
 * unsaturated fat -** fatty acids and fats with double bonds - prevent solidification at room temperature; have less than the maximum number of H atoms
 * saturated fat -** fats with maximum number of H atoms; most animal fats are saturated; have no double bonds and therefore generally solid at room temperature

phospholipid -major component of cell membrane, have a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail cholesterol -a type of steroid, common in animal cell membrane and used as a starting material for making other steroids waxes -consits of one fatty acid linked to an alcohol steriods -lipids whose carbon skeleton is bent to form four fused rings
 * __3.9 Phospholipids, waxes, and steriods are lipids with a variety of functions__

__3.11 Proteins are essential to the structures and activities of life__ protien -polymer made of 20 different monomers called amino acids enzyme -protein that serves as a chemical catalyst, promotes and regulates chemical reactions in cells catalyst - and agent that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed into a different molecule in the process

__3.12 - 3.13 Protiens are made from just 20 amino acids/Amino acids can be linked by peptide bonds__ amino acid -an organic molecule containing a carboxyl group and an amino group, serves as the monomer of proteins peptide bond -the covalent linkage between two amino acid units in a polypeptide; formed by dehydration synthesis polypeptide -a chain of amino acids linked by a peptide bond

__3.14 Overview: A protien's specific shape determines its function__ lysozyme -enzyme found in tears and white blood cells, consist of one long polypeptide, globular denaturation -when polypeptide chains unravel and lose their specific shape and function

__3.15 - 3.18 Protien's primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure__ transthyretin -found in blood, important transport protein, transports a hormone from the thyroid gland and vitamin A through the body alpha helix -coiling of a polypeptide chain that results in a secondary structure pleated sheet -a certain kind of folding hydrogen bond -weak chemical bond between partially positive hydrogen atom R-group - quaternary structure -proteins that consist of 2 or more polypeptide chains or subunits hemoglobin -oxygen transporting molecule, has 4 subunits of 2 distinct types

__3.20 Nucleic acids are information rich polymers of nucleotides__ nucleic acid -polymers that serve as the blueprints for proteins, 2 types DNA -first type, deoxyribonucleic acid, genetic material inherited by parents RNA -ribonucleic acid gene -specific stretches of the molecule that program the amino acid sequences of proteins nucleotide -monomers that make up nucleic acids phosphate group -a function linked to one end of the sugar in both types of nucleic acids nitrogenous base -at the other end of the sugar is one of a number of chemical units**